Lunch counter sit-in that ended in the violence of Ax Handle Saturday. Credit: Florida Historical Society

On August 27, 1960, over 200 white rioters armed with baseball bats and ax handles chased, beat, and threatened Black residents in Jacksonville, Florida.

The historical marker at Harry T. & Harriet V. Moore Memorial Park in Mims, Florida describes the terrorism:

The violent attack was in response to peaceful lunch counter demonstrations organized by the Jacksonville Youth Council of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP).

The attack began with white people spitting on the protestors and yelling racial slurs at them. When the young demonstrators held their resolve, they were beaten with wooden handles that had not yet had metal ax heads attached.

While the violence was first aimed at the lunch counter demonstrators, it quickly escalated to include any African American in sight of the white mob. Police stood idly by watching the beatings until members of a Black street gang called “The Boomerangs” attempted to protect those being attacked. At that point, police night sticks joined the baseball bats and ax handles.

Learn More

Read how this history — censored in Jacksonville for years — is being remembered in the 21st century at MyFloridaHistory.org.

Read the book Moving Forward: From Space-Age Rides to Civil Rights Sit-Ins with Airman Alton Yates by Chris Barton and illustrated by Steffi Walthall, which tells the story of an Air Force veteran who dedicated his life to propelling the United States forward in this inspiring nonfiction picture book.